10 Aug

Finally Some Good News On The Inflation Front

Posted by: Liz Fraser

Finally, Some Good News on the Inflation Front

It was widely expected that US consumer price inflation would decelerate in July, reflecting the decline in energy prices that peaked in early June. The US CPI was unchanged last month following its 1.3% spike in June. This reduced the year-over-year inflation rate to 8.5% from a four-decade high of 9.1%. Oil prices have fallen to roughly US$90.00 a barrel, returning it to the level posted before the Russian invasion of Ukraine. This has taken gasoline prices down sharply, a decline that continued thus far in August. Key commodity prices have fallen sharply, shown in the chart below, although the recent decline in the agriculture spot index has not shown up yet on grocery store shelves. US food costs jumped 1.1% in July, taking the yearly rate to 10.9%, its highest level since 1979.

The biggest surprise was the decline in core inflation, which excludes food and energy prices. The shelter index continued to rise but did post a smaller increase than the prior month, increasing 0.5 percent in July compared to 0.6 percent in June. The rent index rose 0.7 percent in July, and the owners’ equivalent rent index rose 0.6 percent.

Travel-related prices declined last month. The index for airline fares fell sharply in July, decreasing 7.8%. Hotel prices continued to drop, falling 2.7% on the heels of a similar decrease in June. Rental car prices fell as well from historical highs earlier this cycle.

Bottom Line

The expectation is that the softening in inflation will give the Fed some breathing room. Fed officials have said they want to see months of evidence that prices are cooling, especially in the core gauge. They’ll have another round of monthly CPI and jobs reports before their next policy meeting on Sept. 20-21.

Treasury yields slid across the curve on the news this morning while the S&P 500 was higher and the US dollar plunged. Traders now see a 50-basis-point increase next month as more likely than 75. Next Tuesday, August 16, the July CPI will be released in Canada. If the data show a dip in Canadian inflation, as I expect, that could open the door for a 50 bps rise (rather than 75 bps) in the Bank of Canada rate when they meet again on September 7. That is particularly important because, with one more policy rate hike, we are on the precipice of hitting trigger points for fixed payment variable rate mortgages booked since March 2020, when the prime rate was only 2.45%. The lower the rate hike, the fewer the number of mortgages falling into that category.

Dr. Sherry Cooper
Chief Economist, Dominion Lending Centres
drsherrycooper@dominionlending.ca

5 Aug

Canada’s Jobs Market May Be Weakening by Dr Sherry Cooper

General

Posted by: Liz Fraser

The Canadian Economy Is Slowing–Job Markets Will Begin To Shift

The July employment report, released this morning by Statistics Canada, is a real head-scratcher. The job numbers fell for a second consecutive month, but so did the number of job seekers, so the unemployment rate remained unchanged at a historic low of 4.9%. I have been pondering the profusion of labour market data for longer than usual today to decide where I come out on this. My bottom line is the Canadian economy is slowing in response to the whopping rise in interest rates. Labour markets across the country are still very tight as massive job vacancies continue, but the market’s tenor (or mood) is shifting.

There are still labour shortages in businesses that need customer-facing employees–think restaurants, hotels, travel, retail, household services, as well as in construction and the trades. But we are also now hearing of layoffs and cutbacks in businesses that boomed during the lockdowns. Many of those over-expanded and are currently cutting back. A great Canadian example is Shopify, but the same can be said of major retailers like Walmart and Target, which now find themselves overstocked.

The housing markets in Canada are slowing sharply, especially in the highest-cost regions around the Greater Vancouver and Toronto areas.

Central banks worldwide took interest rates down to near-zero levels in the early days of the pandemic, triggering a massive boom in housing. Canada’s boom was second to none, reflecting the long-standing housing shortage. Since 2015, home construction for rent and purchase in Canada has paled compared to the rising demand generated by surging immigration targets. First-time buyers’ FOMO, combined with record-low mortgage rates, especially on variable rate loans, triggered a buying frenzy. Millennial parents helped by tapping their homeowner equity to make those down payments possible. Some of those parents could be left with the legacy of home equity loans whose monthly payments have sky-rocketed with the prime rate. Cabin fever during lockdown generated a host of other buyers who just wanted more space and were willing to move to the exurbs and beyond to afford it. Investors, long tantalized by the surge in condo prices and the growing demand for rental properties, piled on.

Central banks kept interest rates too low for too long. They should have started to raise them when inflation percolated. They thought inflation was transitory, and we all thought vaccines were the magic bullet to end the Covid pandemic. The Russian invasion of Ukraine created the perfect storm, exacerbated by China’s zero Covid policy. Supply chains crumbled further, and commodity prices surged.

Now that oil prices below $90 a barrel have returned to pre-war levels, and gasoline prices have fallen since early June, inflation might have peaked. But central banks must continue tightening to return policy interest rates to normal levels. This means an overnight rate in Canada of roughly 3.5% and nearly 5% in the US. That’s still a far cry from today’s level of 2.5%. And the central banks will not and cannot return rates to last year’s lows. Not soon, and possibly not ever. Unless you believe an equivalent global shutdown will be required sometime in the foreseeable future.

The economy lost 30,600 jobs last month, adding to a loss of 43,200 jobs in June. Canada’s job market is losing momentum as the broader economy is cooling. The job loss also reflects labour shortages and insufficiently trained new workers. Just look at the chaos at Pearson Airport. Labour market conditions are still very tight, and wage rates are rising, up 5.2% y/y last month.

In Direct Contract, US Employment Surged in July

In other relevant news today, Bloomberg reports that “US employers added more than double the number of jobs forecast, illustrating rock-solid labour demand that tempers recession worries and suggests the Federal Reserve will press on with steep interest-rate hikes to thwart inflation.” So much for a Fed pivot. The idea that the bond market rallied on the premature news of a US recession made no sense at this point in the cycle.

Similarly, the Bank of Canada is still likely to hike the policy rate by 75 basis points when they meet again on September 7. That would take the prime rate up to 5.45%. Currently, the 5-year government of Canada bond yield is 2.87%, well below its peak of 3.6% in mid-June. Consequently, we may see variable mortgage rates rise above fixed rates before year-end.

Dr. Sherry Cooper
Chief Economist, Dominion Lending Centres
drsherrycooper@dominionlending.ca

5 Aug

Canadian Inflation Rises Further in June by Dr Sherry Cooper

General

Posted by: Liz Fraser

Canadian Inflation Surged to 8.1% in June

Another bad inflation number was posted today. The rate of consumer inflation continued to rise, reaching 8.1% year over year (y/y) in June, following the 7.7% gain in May. The increase was the largest yearly change since January 1983. The acceleration in June was mainly due to higher prices for gasoline; however, price increases remained broad-based, with seven of eight major components rising by 3% or more.Excluding gasoline, the CPI rose 6.5% year over year in June, following a 6.3% increase in May (see chart below).

On a monthly basis, the CPI rose 0.7% in June, following a 1.4% increase in May. On a seasonally adjusted monthly basis, the CPI was up 0.6%.

On average, prices rose faster than hourly wages, which increased 5.2% from 12 months to June, based on the Labour Force Survey data.

Gasoline prices are highly visible and have surged a whopping 54.6% y/y. That compares to a 48% increase in May. There might be some reprieve in this component of inflation, as gas prices largely follow crude oil prices, which peaked in early June and have trended downward so far in July. This would be welcome news for the Bank of Canada.

Bottom Line

All central banks worldwide (except Japan) face much more than expected inflation. The rise in the annual pace of inflation past the 8% mark will keep the Bank of Canada on its tightening path, though the numbers show some evidence of softening. For example, food prices appear to be easing, and gasoline price inflation may have peaked. Food prices were up 0.1% in June, the slowest increase in a year. Shelter costs gained 0.4%, the smallest increase since November. Statistics Canada said that reflects lower real estate commissions as the housing market slowed.

With some luck, price pressures might be peaking. The chart below shows the Bank of Canada’s most recent forecast for inflation published last week in the July Monetary Policy Report. The Bank of Canada estimated inflation would average about 8% through the third quarter of 2022 before slowing.

According to the swaps market, traders are betting that the central Bank will hike its policy interest rate another 75 basis points on September 7 when it meets again, after the full percentage point increase last week. That would take the overnight rate from 2.5% current to 3.25%–above the Bank’s estimate of the neutral range. It would also push up the prime rate from 4.7% to 5.45%, leading to a 75 bps hike in variable rate mortgages. Last week’s action already took variable mortgage rates to roughly 4.25%, which increased the qualifying rate on such loans to 6.25%–above the 5.25% rate before the move. As a result, the gap between the qualifying rate for fixed-rate mortgage loans and variable-rate loans has fallen to only about 100 bps, its lowest level in years. This undoubtedly continues to slow housing activity, reducing economic growth in Canada.

The question remains–will the Bank of Canada successfully reduce inflation without triggering a recession? Stay tuned.

Dr. Sherry Cooper
Chief Economist, Dominion Lending Centres
drsherrycooper@dominionlending.ca

5 Aug

Canadian Home Prices Fall Sharply in June by Dr Sherry Cooper

General

Posted by: Liz Fraser

House Price Decline Accelerated in June

Statistics released today by the Canadian Real Estate Association (CREA) show that the slowdown that began in March in response to higher interest rates has broadened. Home sales recorded over Canadian MLS® Systems fell by 5.6% between May and June 2022, taking second-quarter sales down sharply (see chart below). The actual (not seasonally adjusted) number of transactions in June 2022 came in 23.9% below the record for that month set last year and is below its 10-year monthly moving average.

“Sales activity continues to slow in the face of rising interest rates and uncertainty,” said Jill Oudil, Chair of CREA. “The cost of borrowing has overtaken supply as the dominant factor affecting housing markets at the moment, but the supply issue has not gone away.”

The Bank of Canada’s shocking 100 basis point hike in the benchmark policy rate will accelerate the slowdown in the coming months.

“One important feature of the market right now that isn’t getting enough attention is the difference in mortgage qualification criteria between fixed and variable, because while variable rates adjust in real-time, fixed rates have already priced in most of what the Bank of Canada is expected to do over the balance of 2022,” said Shaun Cathcart, CREA’s Senior Economist. “As such, it’s no surprise to see people piling into variable rate mortgages at record levels, but probably not for the reasons they may have chosen them in the past. It’s because the 200 basis points plus the contract rate element of the stress test has, just since April, become much more difficult to pass if you want a fixed-rate mortgage. A strict stress test made sense when rates were at a record-low, but policymakers may want to assess if it continues to meet its policy objectives now that fixed mortgage rates are back at more normal levels.”

New Listings

The number of newly listed homes climbed 4.1% month-over-month in June. The monthly increase was most influenced by a jump in new supply in Montreal, while new listings in the GTA and Greater Vancouver posted slight declines.

With sales down and new listings up in June, the sales-to-new listings ratio eased back to 51.7% – its lowest level since January 2015. It was also below the long-term average for the national sales-to-new listings ratio of 55.1%. Almost three-quarters of local markets were balanced markets based on the sales-to-new listings ratio being between one standard deviation above or below the long-term average in June 2022.
There were 3.1 months of inventory on a national basis at the end of June 2022, still historically low but slowly increasing from the tightest conditions recorded just six months ago. The long-term average for this measure is more than five months.

Home Prices

The Aggregate Composite MLS® Home Price Index (HPI) edged down 1.9% on a month-over-month basis in June 2022.

Regionally, most of the monthly declines were seen in markets in Ontario. Home prices have also eased in parts of British Columbia, although the B.C. provincial totals have been propped up by mostly static prices in Greater Vancouver.

Prices continue to be more or less flat across the Prairies while only just now showing small signs of declines in Quebec.

On the East Coast, prices are mostly continuing to rise but appear to have stalled in Halifax-Dartmouth.

The non-seasonally adjusted Aggregate Composite MLS® HPI was still up by 14.9% on a year-over-year basis in June, although this was just half the near 30% record year-over-year increases logged in January and February (see chart and tables below for details by region).

Bottom Line

In many respects, today’s housing data trends are already outdated. It changed with the blockbuster rate hike a couple of days ago. Excess housing demand is essentially over, and we are heading into a more fragile period for resale volumes and prices. The national sales-to-new listings ratio fell to 51.7% in June, which is considered balanced, but it’s the lowest ratio since 2015 and is headed in a softer direction. Buyers’ markets are already evident, especially in some of the suburbs/exurbs in Ontario and parts of BC. These are the regions that posted extreme price gains last year. Others, such as cities in oil-rich Alberta and Atlantic Canada, are still holding in well.

With the Bank of Canada’s most recent tightening, qualifying rates are ratcheting up for both variable and fixed mortgage rates. Before the one percentage point rate hike, variable rate loans were qualifying at 5.25%, but now that has shifted to around 6%. Fixed-rate borrowers are qualifying at about 7%. The Canadian prime rate has surged this year, increasing variable mortgage rates by roughly 300 basis points. Robert Kavcic at BMO has calculated that “going from 1.5% to 4.5% on the same loan value would crank up the monthly variable-rate mortgage payment by almost 40%, making the current episode an even more abrupt shift than the late-1980s after adjusting for income levels.”

Kavcic continues, “the vast majority of borrowers currently on variable-rate mortgages have fixed payment features, but even there, things are now getting dicey. For example, moving a variable rate up from 1.5% to 4% with a fixed payment would effectively increase the amortization from 25 years to 45 years. Another 50 basis-point rate hike in September would take that above 60 years—that is, many will reach the point where payments are no longer taking down the principal. Each mortgage will have its unique terms when payments start to move higher, but for those that caught the low in variable rates, we’ll probably be there soon. Of course, HELOC payments used to finance many multiple-property purchases are ratcheting up in real time.”

There is also the risk that the federal financial institutions’ regulator, OSFI, will intervene to protect the big Chartered Banks from taking on too much risk rather than making it easier for borrowers to qualify or to carry variable-rate loans in this environment.

Moreover, mortgage renewals pose a problem as well. Fixed mortgage rates five years ago were roughly 3%. Resetting the mortgage at 4.5% will lead to a monthly payment increase of approximately 15%, all else equal.

With the latest move by the Bank of Canada, more potential buyers will believe that home prices are likely to fall, taking the FOMO factor out of the housing market. This removes the critical ingredient that drove prices up rapidly since the pandemic began.

Dr. Sherry Cooper
Chief Economist, Dominion Lending Centres
drsherrycooper@dominionlending.ca

5 Aug

A Super-Sized Rate Hike, Signalling More To Come by Dr Sherry Cooper

General

Posted by: Liz Fraser

A Super-Sized Rate Hike, Signalling More To Come

The Governing Council of the Bank of Canada raised its target for the overnight policy rate by a full percentage point to 2-1/2%. The Bank is also continuing its policy of quantitative tightening (QT), reducing its holdings of Government of Canada bonds, which puts additional upward pressure on longer-term interest rates.

In its press release this morning, the Bank said that “inflation in Canada is higher and more persistent than the Bank expected in its April Monetary Policy Report (MPR), and will likely remain around 8% in the next few months… While global factors such as the war in Ukraine and ongoing supply disruptions have been the biggest drivers, domestic price pressures from excess demand are becoming more prominent. More than half of the components that make up the CPI are now rising by more than 5%.”

The Bank is particularly concerned that inflation pressures will become entrenched. Consumer and business surveys have recently suggested that inflation expectations are rising and are expected to be higher for longer. Wage inflation has accelerated to 5.2% in the June Labour Force Survey. The unemployment rate has fallen to a record-low 4.9%, with job vacancy rates hitting a record high in Ontario and Alberta.

Central banks worldwide are aggressively hiking interest rates, and growth is slowing. “In the United States, high inflation and rising interest rates contribute to a slowdown in domestic demand. China’s economy is being held back by waves of restrictive measures to contain COVID-19 outbreaks. Oil prices remain high and volatile. The Bank expects global economic growth to slow to about 3½% this year and 2% in 2023 before strengthening to 3% in 2024.”

Further excess demand is evident in the Canadian economy. “With strong demand, businesses are passing on higher input and labour costs by raising prices. Consumption is robust, led by a rebound in spending on hard-to-distance services. Business investment is solid, and exports are being boosted by elevated commodity prices. The Bank estimates that GDP grew by about 4% in the second quarter. Growth is expected to slow to about 2% in the third quarter as consumption growth moderates and housing market activity pulls back following unsustainable strength during the pandemic.”

In the July Monetary Policy Report, released today, the Bank published its forecasts for Canada’s economy to grow by 3.5% in 2022–in line with consensus expectations–1.75% in 2023 and 2.5% in 2024. Some economists are already forecasting weaker growth next year, in line with a moderate recession. The Bank has not gone that far yet.

According to the Bank of Canada, “economic activity will slow as global growth moderates, and tighter monetary policy works its way through the economy. This, combined with the resolution of supply disruptions, will bring demand and supply back into balance and alleviate inflationary pressures. Global energy prices are also projected to decline. The July outlook has inflation starting to come back down later this year, easing to about 3% by the end of next year and returning to the 2% target by the end of 2024.”

Bottom Line

Today’s Bank of Canada reports confirmed that the Governing Council continues to judge that interest rates will need to rise further, and “the pace of increases will be guided by the Bank’s ongoing assessment of the economy and inflation.” Once again, the Bank asserted it is “resolute in its commitment to price stability and will continue to take action as required to achieve the 2% inflation target.”

At 2.5%, the policy rate is at the midpoint of its ‘neutral’ range. This is the level at which monetary policy is deemed to be neither expansionary nor restrictive. Governor Macklem said he expects the Bank to hike the target to 3% or slightly higher. Before today’s actions, markets had expected the yearend overnight rate at 3.5%.

Dr. Sherry Cooper
Chief Economist, Dominion Lending Centres
drsherrycooper@dominionlending.ca

15 Jun

Housing Market Correction Gains Steam in May

General

Posted by: Liz Fraser

Statistics released today by the Canadian Real Estate Association (CREA) show that the slowdown that began in March in response to higher interest rates has broadened. In April, national home sales dropped by 12.6% monthly (m/m). National home sales fell by 8.6% between April and May, building on April’s decline, leaving monthly activity at pre-COVID levels recorded in the second half of 2019. (see chart below).

Sales were down in three-quarters of all local markets, led by many larger census metropolitan areas (CMAs), including those in the Lower Mainland, Calgary, Edmonton, the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) and Ottawa. The actual (not seasonally adjusted) number of transactions in May 2022 came in 21.7% below the record for that month set last year. At a little over 50,000 units sold, the May 2022 sales figure was very close to the 10-year average for that month.

New Listings

The number of newly listed homes climbed 4.5% month-over-month in May. The monthly increase was influenced by a jump in new supply in Montreal, while new listings in the GTA posted a modest decline.

With sales down and new listings up in May, the sales-to-new listings ratio eased back to 57.5% — its lowest level since April 2019. It was also not far off the long-term average for the national sales-to-new listings ratio of 55.1%.

Almost three-quarters of local markets were balanced based on the sales-to-new listings ratio being between one standard deviation above or below the long-term average in May 2022 – the most significant number since the fall of 2019. A little less than one quarter was in seller’s market territory, while a small handful was in buyer’s market territory.

There were 2.7 months of inventory on a national basis at the end of May 2022, still historically low but up by a month from the tightest conditions ever recorded just six months ago. The long-term average for this measure is a little over five months.

Home Prices

The non-seasonally adjusted Aggregate Composite MLS® HPI was still up by 23.8% on a year-over-year basis in April, although this was a marked slowdown from the near-30% record increase logged just two months earlier.

The Aggregate Composite MLS® Home Price Index (HPI) edged down 0.8% m/m in May 2022, following a 1.1% decline in April.

Regionally, most of the monthly declines were in markets in Ontario. While most Ontario markets saw prices dip in May, prices rose in cottage country.

Prices rose in Vancouver Island but were flat in Greater Vancouver. Prices fell modestly in the Fraser Valley and posted a larger decline in Chilliwack. Prices were more or less unchanged across the Prairies save for small gains in Saskatoon and Winnipeg.

Meanwhile, Quebec, New Brunswick and PEI continued to outperform, while prices in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador edged up slightly.

The non-seasonally adjusted Aggregate Composite MLS® HPI was still up by 19.8% y/y in May. However, this posted a marked slowdown from the near-30% record increases logged in January and February.

Bottom Line

The three-month slide in Canadian home sales has now returned sales to pre-COVID levels after running roughly 3)% above that level for the 18 months through February. The most significant slowdown has occurred in Ontario, especially outside the core Toronto region. New listings have risen, but inventories remain low. The sales-to-new listings ratio has fallen sharply to 57.5%, its lowest level since early 2019. Prices have fallen moderately, taking the year-over-year gain down to 19.8% from 23.6% y/y in April. The average home price is now up just 3.4% y/y, which is down 11% from the February peak.

Toronto is cooling, but the suburbs are cooling even faster, while the exurbs (think London, Woodstock, Barrie) are seeing the sharpest shifts. The sales-to-new listings ratio for all of Ontario sunk below 50%, a level we’ve only seen during the 2009 recession and the dark days of the early 1990s. Elsewhere, Alberta remains relatively tight, albeit with stalling prices, while Vancouver, Ottawa and Montreal are mixed between the extremes.

Interest rates have risen sharply from their COVID-induced lows. Mortgage rates have risen sharply from lows of about 1.5% to nearly 5% for 5-year fixed rates. Variable mortgage rates are on their way to 4%-to-4.5% by yearend. By late summer, any still-favourable rate holds will be gone, and this new interest-rate reality will fully sink in. Stress tests at the contract rate plus 200 bps are now nearing 7%; they’ll also be pushing above 5.25% in the variable space.

Many potential Canadian homebuyers now expect home prices to continue to fall in some regions. This shift in psychology will also contribute to the housing correction. In a separate report, CMHC reported that housing starts increased sharply in May. Homebuilding is at its most robust pace on record, going back to the 1950s. Given the record-low unemployment rate, home construction is constrained by record-high job vacancies in the sector, shortages of materials, and rising wage rates. Construction costs have risen sharply in the past year. With higher mortgage rates in the future, the deceleration in sales could lead to slower housing starts next year.

Finally, the Federal Reserve hiked interest rates by 75 bps today, intensifying the inflation fight. This opens the door for a 75 bps hike by the Bank of Canada when it meets again on July 13. It is now widely expected that the US policy rate, the overnight fed funds rate will exceed 4% by yearend. Canada’s central bank had already announced its intention to hike the overnight rate here more forcefully and has suggested that it will take an overnight rate above 3% to break the back of inflation. The overnight rate now is only 1.5%. A further correction in housing is likely in the coming months. As the economy’s most interest-sensitive sector, housing is the key transmission mechanism for tighter monetary policy to slow the economy and bring inflation under control.

written by
Dr. Sherry Cooper

Chief Economist, Dominion Lending Centres
drsherrycooper@dominionlending.ca

15 Jun

Canadian Labour Market Is Much Too Tight–Adds To Inflation Pressure

General

Posted by: Liz Fraser

Today’s Labour Market Survey for May 2022 showed that hiring continued at a rapid pace last month in an increasingly tight labour market, driving the jobless rate to another record low and fueling a sharp acceleration in wage gains. The economy added 39,000 jobs in May, surpassing expectations. The unemployment rate fell to 5.1%, far below the noninflationary rate of joblessness. Job vacancies are at a record high, and wage inflation accelerated to 3.9%, from the 3.2% pace posted in April.

Another sign of a red-hot jobs market was a shift from part-time employment to full-time. Full-time employment jumped by 135,400, with part-time jobs down by 95,800.

The excess supply of jobs continues to push wages higher and will undoubtedly cause the Bank of Canada to continue to hike rates aggressively. The Governing Council of the Bank will release their next decision on July 13, as money market traders now see an even chance that the central bank will increase the overnight policy rate by 75 bps next month.

The employment rate, which measures the percentage of the population aged 15 years and older that has a job, increased to almost 62% in May, from 59.4% cent a year earlier.

Bottom Line

In other relevant news today, the US released its CPI inflation report for May showing inflation accelerated to a whopping 8.6%, up from 8.3% in April. Investors increased bets on a 75 bp hike after the release showing inflation is at a fresh 40-year high. Both headline and core inflation rose more than expected.

Market rates shot up on today’s news, with the Canadian 5-year government bond yield now at 3.3%.

written by
Dr. Sherry Cooper

Chief Economist, Dominion Lending Centres
drsherrycooper@dominionlending.ca

15 Jun

Another Jumbo Rate Hike, Signalling More To Come

General

Posted by: Liz Fraser

The Governing Council of the Bank of Canada raised the overnight policy rate by a full 50 basis points once again today, marking the third rate hike this year. The two back-to-back half-point increases are without precedent, but so were the dramatic pandemic rate cuts in the spring of 2020. Indeed, with the surge in Canadian inflation to 6.8% in April, the Bank of Canada is still behind the curve. The chart below shows that inflation remains well above the Bank’s forecasts. Today’s press release suggests they now estimate that inflation rose again in May and could well accelerate further.

Today’s policy statement emphasized that “As pervasive input price pressures feed through into consumer prices, inflation continues to broaden, with core measures of inflation ranging between 3.2% and 5.1%. Almost 70% of CPI categories now show inflation above 3%. The risk of elevated inflation becoming entrenched has risen. The Bank will use its monetary policy tools to return inflation to target and keep inflation expectations well anchored.”

“The increase in global inflation is occurring as the global economy slows. The Russian invasion of Ukraine, China’s COVID-related lockdowns, and ongoing supply disruptions are all weighing on activity and boosting inflation. The war has increased uncertainty and is putting further upward pressure on prices for energy and agricultural commodities. This is dampening the outlook, particularly in Europe. In the United States, private domestic demand remains robust, despite the economy contracting in the first quarter of 2022.”

The Bank said that “Canadian economic activity is strong and the economy is clearly operating in excess demand. National accounts data for the first quarter of 2022 showed GDP growth of 3.1 percent, in line with the Bank’s April Monetary Policy Report (MPR) projection. Job vacancies are elevated, companies are reporting widespread labour shortages, and wage growth has been picking up and broadening across sectors. Housing market activity is moderating from exceptionally high levels. With consumer spending in Canada remaining robust and exports anticipated to strengthen, growth in the second quarter is expected to be solid.”

Bottom Line

The Bank of Canada couldn’t be more forthright. The concluding paragraph of the policy statement is as follows: “With the economy in excess demand, and inflation persisting well above target and expected to move higher in the near term, the Governing Council continues to judge that interest rates will need to rise further. The policy interest rate remains the Bank’s primary monetary policy instrument, with quantitative tightening acting as a complementary tool. The pace of further increases in the policy rate will be guided by the Bank’s ongoing assessment of the economy and inflation, and the Governing Council is prepared to act more forcefully if needed to meet its commitment to achieve the 2% inflation target.”

The Bank of Canada has told us we should expect at least another 50 bps rate hike when they meet again on July 13. It could even be 75 bps if inflation shows no sign of decelerating. The Bank estimates that the overnight rate’s neutral (noninflationary) level is 2%-to-3%. Traders currently expect the policy rate to end the year at roughly 3%.

This was a very hawkish policy statement. The central bank is defending its credibility and will undoubtedly continue to tighten monetary policy aggressively.

Written by
Dr. Sherry Cooper

Chief Economist, Dominion Lending Centres
drsherrycooper@dominionlending.ca

15 Jun

Canadian Inflation Shows No Signs Of Abating

General

Posted by: Liz Fraser

Inflation at 6.8% is unmitigated bad news. The Bank of Canada looks flat-footed again, having forecast that Inflation would be at least a full percentage point lower by now. What’s worse, inflation looks likely to rise again this month given the surge in gasoline prices from April to May.

Today’s report raises the urgency for policymakers to withdraw stimulus from the economy quickly. Look for another 50 bp rate hike on June 1 and again in July. Markets are pricing in an overnight rate as high as 3% by the end of the year. It is currently at 1%.

In April, Canadian consumer prices rose 6.8% y/y, up slightly from March’s 6.7% pace despite a slowdown in the pace of gasoline inflation. The April inflation rise was driven mainly by food and shelter prices. Excluding gasoline, the CPI rose 5.8% in April, after a 5.5% gain in March. This was the fastest pace since the introduction of the all-items excluding gasoline special aggregate in 1999.

Since late February, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has boosted energy, commodity, and, most notably, food prices.

The Canadian economy’s strength has added to inflation pressure. The unemployment rate is at a record low. Average hourly wages rose 3.3% y/y last month. With prices rising faster than wages, Canadian families are experiencing reduced purchasing power.

In April, Canadians paid 9.7% more for food purchased from stores compared with April 2021. This rise, which exceeded 5% for the fifth month in a row, was the most significant increase since September 1981.

In April, shelter costs rose 7.4% y/y, the fastest pace since June 1983, following a 6.8% increase in March. Higher prices for energy sources used to heat homes, such as natural gas (+22.2%) and fuel oil and other fuels (+64.4%), contributed to the rise.

Reflecting the dynamic Canadian housing market, homeowners’ replacement cost (+13.0%) is related to the price of new homes and other owned accommodation expenses (+17.2%), which include commissions on the sale of real estate; both rose sharply in April.

The mortgage interest cost Index (+0.2%) increased on a m/m basis for the first time since April 2020.

Rent prices increased in April (+4.5%) compared with the same month in 2021. The rent hike was mostly driven by price increases in Canada’s most populous provinces: Ontario (+5.3%), Quebec (+4.3%) and British Columbia (+6.4%).
While monthly, Inflation slowed in April (0.6%) compared to March (1.4%), the surge in gasoline price in May portends continued high Inflation in next month’s CPI report.

Bottom Line

Bloomberg News reported this morning that “The inflation surge has made the Bank of Canada a target of criticism, with some politicians accusing Macklem of moving too slowly. Immediately after the inflation data was published, Conservative leadership candidate Pierre Poilievre released a statement reiterating he plans to fire Macklem should he ever win power.”

The pressure is on for more rate hikes. Central banks all over the world are under similar pressure. Central bank tightening will slow demand, as we have seen already in the Canadian housing data for March and April. It does not address the supply disruptions that are the root cause of much of the inflation pressure.

Written by
Dr. Sherry Cooper

Chief Economist, Dominion Lending Centres
drsherrycooper@dominionlending.ca

15 Jun

Canadian Home Sales Slow As Mortgage Rates Rise

General

Posted by: Liz Fraser

Canadian Housing Market Feels The Pinch of Higher Rates

Statistics released today by the Canadian Real Estate Association (CREA) show that the slowdown that began in March in response to higher interest rates has broadened. In April, national home sales dropped by 12.6% on a month-over-month (m/m) basis. The decline placed the monthly activity at its lowest level since the summer of 2020.

While the national decline was led by the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) simply because of its size, sales were down in 80% of local markets, with most other large markets posting double-digit month-over-month declines in April. The exceptions were Victoria, Montreal and Halifax-Dartmouth, where sales edged up slightly.

The actual (not seasonally adjusted) number of transactions in April 2022 came in 25.7% below the record for that month set last year. As has been the case since last summer, it was still the third-highest April sales figure ever behind 2021 and 2016.

Jill Oudil, Chair of CREA, said, “Following a record-breaking couple of years, housing markets in many parts of Canada have cooled off pretty sharply over the last two months, in line with a jump in interest rates and buyer fatigue. For buyers, this slowdown could mean more time to consider options in the market. For sellers, it could necessitate a return to more traditional marketing strategies.”

“After 12 years of ‘higher interest rates are just around the corner,’ here they are,” said Shaun Cathcart, CREA’s Senior Economist. “But it’s less about what the Bank of Canada has done so far. It’s about a pretty steep pace of continued tightening that markets expect to play out over the balance of the year because that is already being factored into fixed mortgage rates. Of course, those have, for that very reason, been on the rise since the beginning of 2021, so why the big market reaction only now? It’s likely because typical discounted 5-year fixed rates have, in the space of a month, gone from the low 3% range to the low 4% range. The stress test is the higher of 5.25% or the contract rate plus 2%. For fixed borrowers, the stress test has just moved from 5.25% to the low 6% range – close to a 1% increase in a month! It won’t take much more movement by the Bank of Canada for this to start to affect the variable space as well”.

New Listings

The number of newly listed homes edged back by 2.2% on a month-over-month basis in April. The slight monthly decline resulted from a relatively even split between markets where listings rose and those where they fell. Notable declines were seen in the Lower Mainland and Calgary, while listings increased in Victoria and Edmonton.

With sales falling by more than new listings in April, the sales-to-new listings ratio eased back to 66.5% – its lowest level since June 2020. This reading is right on the border between what would constitute a seller’s and a balanced market. The long-term average for the national sales-to-new listings ratio is 55.2%.

More than half of local markets were balanced based on the sales-to-new listings ratio being between one standard deviation above or below the long-term average in April 2022. A little less than half were in seller’s market territory.

There were 2.2 months of inventory on a national basis at the end of April 2022, still historically very low but up from slightly lower readings in the previous eight months. The long-term average for this measure is a little over five months.

Home Prices

Bottom Line

The fever broke in the Canadian housing market last month. Nevertheless, despite the sizeable two-month slide in sales, activity is still almost 10% above pre-COVID levels and the raw April sales tally was still one of the highest on record.

Markets in Ontario are weakening most, significantly further outside the core of Toronto. Sales in the province slid 21% in April and are now in line with pre-pandemic activity levels. The market balance has gone from drum tight with “not enough supply” to one that resembles the 2017-19 correction period. Elsewhere, Vancouver and Montreal look better with relatively balanced markets, while others like Alberta and parts of Atlantic Canada remain pretty strong.

The Bank of Canada will likely hike interest rates by another 50 bps on June 1.

Dr. Sherry Cooper
Chief Economist, Dominion Lending Centres
drsherrycooper@dominionlending.ca